PassMark USB3.0 Loop back plug FAQ

Last updated: 26/Feb/2018

Q. Which operating systems are these plugs compatible with?
The drivers are currently only available for Windows 7, 8, 10 and 2008 Server (in 32bit and 64bit).

Linux with kernel releases 2.6.31 or higher are supported, when used with BurnInTest for Linux v3.1 (or later). libusb 1.0 is also required. (This is standard Linux library supplied with almost all Linux distributions). 

Slax Linux (7.0.8) is not supported as it appears there is a possible device driver bug that prevents the USB3 plug from entering loopback mode correctly, other live systems tested (Kubuntu 12.04, Fedora 18, Porteus 3.0.1) do not seem to be affected by the same bug.

Q. Do I need a device driver to use these plugs ?
A device driver is required for Windows. This driver can be downloaded from our web site. Windows will prompt for the device driver the first time a plug is used. The installation process is covered in the install guide. No special device driver is required for Linux

Q. Are the device drivers compatible with all versions of BurnInTest and USB3Test ?
The latest versions of BurnInTest and USB3Test work with any version of the USB 3.0 Loopback plug device driver, however it is recommended that the latest version be used.

Q. Does the PassMark USB 3 loop back plug appear in my Device Manager as a new USB Device ?
Yes, you can see the devices in the Windows device manager. They appear with the label, "PassMark USB3.0 Loopback Plug".

Q. Can the plugs also be used on PCs with older USB2.0 ports ?
Yes, but they will not use the additional bandwidth available in 3.0.

Q. How can USB2.0 functionality be tested on USB3.0 ports?
Using USB3Test software it is possible to force USB3 Loopback plug to be enumerated as USB2 High Speed or Full Speed.

Q What is the meaning of the 4 LEDs on the device

Q. Can I run multiple copies of USB3Test at the same time?
Yes you can run multiple instances of the USB3Test application at the same time however you need to make sure you have opened and configured them all them all to be using the correct USB3 plugs before you start the first test. Setting up the test configuration can cause the currently connected plugs to be re-enumerated, which will stop any currently running tests.

Q. Can I run USB3Test at the same time as BurnInTest?
No, only one of these programs should be run when testing the USB3 plugs.

Q. Can the USB3 plugs be used to test bus powered USB hubs?
In most cases bus powered USB hubs will draw too much electrical power from the PC's USB ports to support additional USB3 devices being connected into the hub. We recommend using self powered USB hubs when required (self powered hubs come with their own power supply).

Q. I get an error message "This device cannot start (code 10)" what does this mean?
If a PC's USB port has insufficient power to start the PassMark USB3 loopback plug you will receive a HID device driver error message "This device cannot start (code 10)". Disconnect other devices from the same USB root hub to make more power available for the device. This will typically occur when a USB3 test device is plugged into a bus-powered hub or a laptop running from battery power. Switch over to a self-powered hub or connect the laptop to a mains power supply.

Q. What type of USB data transfer type does the USB 3.0 loopback plug use?
When running BurnInTest, bulk USB transfers are used. Bulk transfers guarantee accuracy of the data through detection of erroneous data and automatic retries. When using USB3Test the loopback plugs can also be setup to use isochronous data transfers.

Q. USB3 plug shows "Fatal Error. Update software and reconnect the plug". What does this error message mean?
It means you are using an old version of the test software (either USB3Test application or BurnInTest). New firmwares are no longer compatible with the old versions of the test softwares. Updating the software will resolve this issue.

Q. The red Error LED goes on. What does this mean?
It means the USB 3.0 loopback plug has flagged a Device transceiver error. Device transceiver errors are triggered when the USB transceiver on the USB 3.0 loopback plug detects what it considers to be an error. These are events at a low level that may lead to the packet being retransmitted. They do not represent data errors at the application level. These errors are normally not visible to the user, but are displayed to help identify potential problems, for example, poor quality cables, cables that are too long, or system internals with insufficient electrical shielding with high electrical interference on the bus. Errors that may cause a device transceiver error are divided into two groups:

Physical layer errors:

• Elastic Buffer Overflow error
• Elastic Buffer Underflow error
• Receive Disparity error
• CRC-5 error
• CRC-16 error
• CRC-32 error
• Training Sequence error
• PHY Lock Loss error

Link layer errors:

• PENDING_HP_TIMER Timeout: Header Packet acknowledgement has not been received by PENDING_HP_TIMEOUT.
  [USB 3.0: §7.2.4.1.10, p 7-21]
• Rx Header Sequence Number Error: Received Rx Header Sequence Number does not match what is expected.
  [USB 3.0: §7.3.3.3, p 7-28]
• Receive Header Packet Fail: Link Layer Block has failed to receive a Header Packet for three consecutive times. Failures are CRC errors or spurious K-symbols. [USB 3.0: §7.3.3.2, p 7-28]
• Missing LGOOD_n Detection: LGOOD_n Sequence Number does not match what is expected.
  [USB 3.0: §7.3.4, p 7-29]
• Missing LCRD_x Detection: LGOOD_n Sequence Number does not match what is expected.
  [USB 3.0: §7.3.4, p 7-29]
• CREDIT_HP_TIMER Timeout: Remote Rx Header Buffer Credit has not been received by CREDIT_HP_TIMEOUT.
  [USB 3.0: §7.2.4.1.10, p 7-21…7-22]
• PM_LC_TIMER Timeout: This indicates that an LGO_Ux, LAU, or LXU Link Command is missed.
  [USB 3.0: §7.3.4, p 7-29]
• ACK Tx Header Sequence Number Error: Received LGOOD_n does not match ACK Tx Header Sequence Number.
  [USB 3.0: §7.3.5, p 7-30]
• Header Sequence Number Advertisement PENDING_HP_TIMER Timeout: PENDING_HP_TIMER timeout before receipt of Header Sequence Number LGOOD_n Link Command. [USB 3.0: §7.3.6, p 7-30]
• Header Sequence Number Advertisement HP Received Error: Header Packet received during Header Sequence Number Advertisement. [USB 3.0: §7.3.6, p 7-30]
• Header Sequence Number Advertisement LCRD_x Received Error: LCRD_x Link Command received during Header Sequence Number Advertisement. [USB 3.0: §7.3.6, p 7-30]
• Header Sequence Number Advertisement LGO_Ux Received Error: LGO_Ux Link Command received during Header Sequence Number Advertisement. [USB 3.0: §7.3.6, p 7-30]
• Rx Header Buffer Credit Advertisement CREDIT_HP_TIMER Timeout: CREDIT_HP_TIMER timeout before receipt of LCRD_x Link Command during Rx Header Buffer Credit Advertisement. [USB 3.0: §7.3.7, p 7-30…7-31]
• Rx Header Buffer Credit Advertisement HP Received Error: Header Packet received during Rx Header Buffer Credit Advertisement.
  [USB 3.0: §7.3.7, p 7-30…7-31]
• Rx Header Buffer Credit Advertisement LGO_Ux Received Error: LGO_Ux Link Command received during Rx Header Buffer Credit Advertisement. [USB 3.0: §7.3.7, p 7-30…7-31]

For additional details of each error, please refer to the pages referenced of the USB3.0 specification, Revision 1.0

It should be noted that device transceiver errors are not an indication that the USB port does not comply with the USB Specification.

Q. What maximum speed should I expect from my USB port?
USB3.0 Super-speed is normally quoted as 5Gb/Sec. Data rates will never reach these speeds on a real device because of 8b/10b encoding, protocol overhead and host and device latency. In theory, the maximum bandwidth of USB port is limited to the following speeds:

• Super Speed USB3.0 ports connected directly to the motherboard: 3.8Gb/Sec.
• High Speed USB2.0 ports connected directly to the motherboard: 425Mb/Sec.
• Full Speed USB2.0 or USB1.x ports connected directly to the motherboard: 9.7Mb/Sec.

There are also other factors which further decrease the USB port speed in practice:

• Operating system and driver latency: Includes round trip time from application to the device driver and back.
• Host controller performance: USB data throughput also depends on the performance of the USB Host controller. See table 1. Moreover, the throughput with the USB 3.0 add-on cards will be less compared to the built-in USB 3.0 host controllers due to extra latency caused by PCI/PCIe protocol overhead and driver latency.
• Other devices connected: USB can only perform one read/write transfer at a time, which means any other device connected to USB will degrade performance of bulk transfers.
• Additional software protocol overhead: For some USB device classes such as storage devices, there are additional protocol overhead and device specific delays (mass storage, read and write delay of flash chipsets) which impact the performance.
• Error detection and recovering: Sometimes errors are frequent enough or the error recovering is time consuming enough to have an impact on the average performance.

Table 1 and 2 show the result of our test for actual throughput of USB port on different systems using USB3 Loopback plug (Firmware version 2.3). We limited our analysis to a single USB3 loopback plug that is directly attached to the host.

PC Information	Host Controller	Operating System	Throughput (Mb/s)
Intel® Core™ i5-6600K, 3.50 GHz, 16 GB RAM	Intel® USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller	Windows 10 64-bit	3472
Intel® Core™ i5-4210U, 1.7 GHz, 16 GB RAM	Intel® USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller	Windows 10 64-bit	3469
Intel® Core™ i5-6600K, 3.50 GHz, 16 GB RAM	Welland UP-314C PCIe USB3 card (Renesas USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller)	Windows 10 64-bit	2973
AMD A6-3670 APU, 2.70 GHz, 8 GB RAM	AMD USB 3.0 Host Controller (Driver Ver 1.1.0.153)	Windows 7 64-bit	2903
AMD A10-7850K Radeon R7, 3.70 GHz, 4 GB RAM	ASMEDIA USB3.0 eXtensible Host Controller (Driver Ver 1.16.29.1)	Windows 10 64-bit	2896
Intel Core i5-2540M CPU, 2.60 GHz, 4 GB RAM	NEC Electronics USB 3.0 Host Controller (Driver Ver 1.0.19.0)	Windows 7 64-bit	2401

Table 1: SuperSpeed USB throughput comparison

PC Information	Host Controller	Operating System	Full Speed Throughput (Mb/s)	High Speed Throughput (Mb/s)
Intel® Core™ i5-6600K, 3.50 GHz, 16 GB RAM	Intel® USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller	Windows 10 64-bit	374	9.3
Intel® Core™ i5-4210U, 1.7 GHz, 16 GB RAM	Intel® USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller	Windows 7 64-bit	374	9.3
AMD FX™-8150 Elight-Core 3.6 GHz. 4GB RAM	ASMEDIA USB3.0 eXtensible Host Controller (Driver Ver 1.16.12.0)	Windows 7 64-bit	368	9.3
AMD A10-7850K Radeon R7, 3.70 GHz, 4 GB RAM	ASMEDIA USB3.0 eXtensible Host Controller (Driver Ver 1.16.29.1)	Windows 10 64-bit	365	9.2
Intel® Core™ i5-6600K, 3.50 GHz, 16 GB RAM	Welland UP-314C PCIe USB3 card (Renesas USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller)	Windows 10 64-bit	330	8.4

Table 2: High Speed and Full Speed USB throughput comparison

Q. I'm getting frequent errors in benchmark mode with USB3Test
We have observed many errors can occur on front panel ports, particularly in benchmark mode, the errors messages that can be logged include;

• Test Stopped due to Error: Benchmark write failed (31)
• USB device driver error reported: 0xc0000001
• USB request status reported: 0xc0000011

These errors will often cause the USB3 loopback plug to disconnect/reconnect. Testing the back panel ports on the same machine does not show any similair errors which seem to indicates that the front port panels have inferior wiring and shielding in place, very similar to the USB2 issues that could occur on front panel ports.

Q. "Device not recognised" error displayed after power on with USB3 attached.
We have seen some cases where if the system is powered on with the USB3 plug attached then Windows will display a "Device not recognised" error and the USB3 plug may only display that it is connected at USB2 speed (480Mb/s).

In BIOS there is often a “xHCI mode” BIOS setting. Sometimes this is also called a "xHCI Pre-Boot Driver". This option controls if the physical USB3 ports are handled via the USB2.0 EHCI controller or the xHCI USB3.0 controller. In particular having it set to “Auto”, “Smart Auto” or EHCI can cause a problem for the USB3.0 loopback plugs on a few motherboards. Auto which will emulate a USB2 port during the boot process until the USB3 driver is loaded once Windows starts. This can cause the plug to connect first at 480Mb/s and not refresh the display correctly when the link changes to 5Gb/s.

In our testing we saw the USB3 test would still run correctly and at 5Gb/s but the display could still indicate 480Mb/s, but it has been reported that in some cases the device will remain as "unrecognised" and require disconnected and reconnected in order to work.

If you have a problem, we would recommend changing the "xHCI Pre-Boot Driver" to Enabled and xHCI mode to "Enabled" rather than any “Auto” setting for testing purposes. We suspect the underlying cause is a BIOS bug in the effected motherboards & this workaround avoids the bug.

However there are also other cases of buggy BIOS implementations causing USB3 devices not be recognised, while in xHCI mode, unless they are plugged in when the machine is powered on. A BIOS update is required in this case.

Q. My USB3 device is becoming disconnected or not enumerating at SuperSpeed (5Gb/s) during a resume from a sleep or hibernate.
Currently there are some known issues with the Intel Haswell product line as mentioned here and here. Although Intel have indicated it is only an issue with USB3 thumb drives we have had at least one report on a Haswell system where the PassMark USB3 plugs would not return from a sleep/hibernation at SuperSpeed. We will be monitoring this situation and updating this entry when we know more about the causes and any available solution.

Q. "I'm getting Benchmark read/write failed or blue screen errors in isochronous mode when device enumerated as Full Speed or High Speed.
Some USB 3.0 host controllers / drivers seem to have significant problems with USB 2.0 isochronous transfers. Updating BIOS and host controller driver sometimes fix this issue.

Q. Is there an Application Programming Interface available?
Yes there is an API available, see this page for more information.

Q. How do I find the device Hardware Revision and what are the differences between hardware revision 1 and revision 2?
The hardware revision is printed on the product label on the back of the device.
The below table summarizes the main differences across revisions.

	Rev 1	Rev 2
Memory	256KB	512KB
Clock	19.2Mhz (crystal)	19.2Mhz (oscillator)
ESD Protection on VBUS	ESD, IEC 61000-4-2, 8kV contact, 5kV air discharge	ESD, IEC 61000-4-2, ±30kV contact, ±30kV air discharge EFT, IEC 61000-4-4, 40A (5/50ns)
ESD Protection on USB2 lines	ESD, IEC61000-4-2 level 3A, ± 6kV contact, ±8-kV air discharge ESD, IEC61000-4-2 level 4C, ± 8kV contact, ±15-kV air discharge	ESD, IEC 61000-4-2, ±20kV contact, ±30kV air discharge EFT, IEC 61000-4-4, 40A (5/50ns)
ESD Protection on USB3 lines	ESD, IEC61000-4-2, ±20kV contact, ±20kV air discharge	ESD, IEC 61000-4-2 Level 4, ±12kV contact, ±15-kV air discharge EFT, IEC 61000-4-4, 80 A (5/50 ns)
Voltage Protection (+5V & GND)	±28V	±26V
On board voltage regulators	1.2 (linear regulator), 3.3 (linear regulator)	1.2 (switching regulator), 3.3 (linear regulator)
Power Consumption	115mA (Typical USB 2.0 operation) 170mA (Typical USB 3.0 operation)	75mA (Typical USB 2.0 operation) 90mA (Typical USB 3.0 operation)

In addition to the above-mentioned differences, in the new revision:
- The on-board power supply is redesigned to achieve better stability and less sensitivity to noise on VBUS
- The board stackup is changed and signal integrity is improved
- An optional ground point is added to provide a low-impedance path when the plug is exposed to ESD/EFT events (ESD/EFT testing is not recommended as the protection chips degrades when they are exposed to ESD/EFT events)
- LCD connector is moved to the bottom layer to prevent damage to the LCD caused by components attached to the FPC cable

Q. Does USB3 Loopback plug incorporate ESD and overvoltage protection circuits?
USB3 Loopback plug is both positive and negative overvoltage protected.
We have used TVS components to protect the plug from ESD/EFT events. However, it is not designed to be exposed to repeated high voltage spikes. The protection components degrade with ESD events and therefore prolong exposure to ESD events could eventually damage the plug. Thus, precautions should be taken to minimize the exposure to ESD/EFT strikes as the warranty does not cover the plugs damaged by ESD testing.

Q. Can the USB3 plug be used for USB port auditing? (Detecting juice jacking)
Juice jacking is a term coined by researchers for when a USB charging port has been compromised in such as way to steal your data, or infect your phone or other device, or record video from the screen. Starting from Firmware version V2.5 (4 October 2017), the Passmark's USB3.0 test plug will now report on USB enumeration attempts from USB charging ports. This allows auditing of ports to determine which ports are dumb chargers and which ports are something more. Note: The current hardware production run (mid 2017) has firmware version V2.4, so a manual firmware update is required to get this feature. See this page for more details on USB port auditing.

Q. What are the common failure modes of the USB3 plugs?
See this page for details about common failure modes for USB3.0 loopback plugs, plus possible solutions.

Q. "Update software and reconnect the plug" error displayed on the device LCD after plugging to USB port.
It means the test software (either USB3Test application or BurnInTest) is not compatible with the firmware and needs update. Firmware V2.0 and later needs BurnInTest version 8.1 build 1016 or later.

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